John Doe
树莓派pico入门指南

树莓派pico入门指南

2050年08月12日 4.5k 字 大概 23 分钟

一.pico引脚图

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二.怎样使用pico

首先需要安装thonny，我们在这个软件上为pico编写程序

下面视频中用到的uf2文件和软件都在这里，无需再去下载视频里的文件了
链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1LLKOPCaXz0YnRgKDdawKnQ?pwd=uyxt

下面链接中的视频提供了软件安装方法

三.pico点灯(测试用代码)

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from machine import Pin #从一个称为machine的库中导入了Pin这个功能，用来控制硬件设备上的引脚。
import time             #导入time库，包含了与时间相关的函数和方法。

led = Pin(25, Pin.OUT) #创建了一个名为led的对象，代表引脚号为25的GPIO（查看引脚图，led所在即引脚就是GP25）
while True:            #这是一个无限循环的语句，意味着下面缩进的代码会一直重复执行，为了让程序一直运行，这是一种常见操作
	led.toggle()   #用于切换LED灯的状态
	time.sleep(1)  #延时1秒

若看到pico上的灯以一秒间隔闪烁一次，则成功

四.oled屏幕

oled相关资料链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1nQGsRBe6f7FK12ftu00h7w?pwd=a3b0

向pico导入链接里main.py和ssd1306.py两个文件，在main.py文件里运行即可。可更改main文件，得到不同的输出内容。
使用的是像素点为128x32的oled屏幕，而一个字符是8x8大小的，就是说最多一行输入16个字符，最多有4行，共64个字符

注意：要编写字库后，才能识别汉字和图片

接线方式（方向为pico–oled）：

  1. 3v3–VCC
  2. GND–GND
  3. GP6–SDA
  4. GP7–SCK

输出字符

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from ssd1306 import SSD1306_I2C        #导入自己的ssd1306库
from machine import Pin, I2C	     #导入官方PIN（引脚），iic通讯总线的库
from time import sleep                          #导入用于延时的库

i2c = I2C(1, scl=Pin(7), sda=Pin(6), freq=200000)#配置引脚（scl时钟线，sda数据线）和频率
oled = SSD1306_I2C(128, 32, i2c) 		#配置oled规格和通讯协议 
while True:  		#主程序
    oled.fill(0)	#清空屏幕，将屏幕上所有像素点的颜色都设置成黑色（0表示黑色，1表示蓝色）
    oled.text("Hello,World!",0,0)		#写入文字内容和起始像素点位置
    oled.show()				#oled.show()将屏幕上的内容展示出来。

输出数字

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from ssd1306 import SSD1306_I2C
from machine import Pin, I2C
from time import sleep
 
i2c = I2C(1, scl=Pin(7), sda=Pin(6), freq=200000)
oled = SSD1306_I2C(128, 32, i2c)
a=0
while True:
    a+=1
    oled.fill(0)#一定要清空屏幕，否则输出内容就糊在一起了
    oled.text(str(a),0,0)
    oled.show()
    #sleep(1)   #觉得加的太快，每次给1秒延时

输出图形

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from ssd1306 import SSD1306_I2C
from machine import Pin, I2C
from time import sleep
 
i2c = I2C(1, scl=Pin(7), sda=Pin(6), freq=200000)
oled = SSD1306_I2C(128, 32, i2c)

while True:
    oled.fill(0)
    oled.pixel(20,31,1)       #画点   参数（点横坐标，纵坐标，颜色）
    oled.line(30, 0, 60, 30, 1) #画线  参数（起点横坐标，纵坐标，终点横坐标，纵坐标，颜色）
    oled.rect(0,0,10,10,1) #画矩形  参数（起点横坐标，纵坐标，长，宽，颜色）

    oled.show()

其他小技巧

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oled.poweroff（）:关闭显示屏。
oled.poweron（）: 打开显示屏。
oled.contrast(x): 设置显示屏的对比度,参数x范围0-100，数字越大屏幕越亮
oled.invert(x): 设置显示屏的颜色反转。参数x范围0-1,0代表黑色，1代表蓝色
oled.scroll(x，y)： 用于移动屏幕显示内容，其中x和y分别表示x轴和y轴移动的像素数量

中文点阵生成网站： https://www.zhetao.com/fontarray.html

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from ssd1306 import SSD1306_I2C
from machine import Pin, I2C
from time import sleep
import framebuf  #导入汉字图片需要的库

i2c = I2C(1, scl=Pin(7), sda=Pin(6), freq=200000)
oled = SSD1306_I2C(128, 32, i2c)
#汉字二进制列表
a=[ 0x08, 0x80, 0x10, 0x00, 0x08, 0x80, 0x10, 0xfc, 0x08, 0x80, 0x10, 0x04, 0x11, 0xfe, 0x10, 0x08, 0x11, 0x02, 0xfc, 0x10, 0x32, 0x04, 0x24, 0x20, 0x34, 0x20, 0x24, 0x20, 0x50, 0x20, 0x25, 0xfe, 0x91, 0x28, 0x24, 0x20, 0x11, 0x24, 0x48, 0x20, 0x12, 0x24, 0x28, 0x20, 0x12, 0x22, 0x10, 0x20, 0x14, 0x22, 0x28, 0x20, 0x10, 0x20, 0x44, 0x20, 0x10, 0xa0, 0x84, 0xa0, 0x10, 0x40, 0x00, 0x40]
#图片二进制列表
b=[ 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfb, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xff, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x07, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x07, 0x7f, 0xf0, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf1, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe0, 0x7f, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0x17, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x07, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x01, 0xe4, 0x00, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 0xcf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xcf, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x20, 0x00, 0x8f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 0x20, 0x7c, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x10, 0x38, 0x0f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x3f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff]

while True:  
    oled.fill(0)
    #使用时根据点阵大小更改参数
    hanzi = framebuf.FrameBuffer(bytearray(a),32,16,framebuf.MONO_HLSB)
    oled.blit(hanzi,0,0)
    picture = framebuf.FrameBuffer(bytearray(b),80,32,framebuf.MONO_HLSB)
    oled.blit(picture,32,0)
    
    oled.show()

五.摇杆模块（ADC）

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摇杆的x轴和y轴相当于两个独立的滑动变阻器

  1. 在静止时，摇杆位于滑动变阻器中间位置，此时阻值大约为总阻值的一半。
  2. 当摇杆移动到一侧时，例如x轴向右移动或y轴向上移动，对应的滑动变阻器的阻值会逐渐减小，最终接近于0欧姆。
  3. 而当摇杆移动到另一侧时，例如x轴向左移动或y轴向下移动，对应的滑动变阻器的阻值会逐渐增大，最终达到阻值的最大值。
    这种阻值的变化导致了模拟信号的分压情况也不同，通过将摇杆输出信号连接到模数转换器（ADC）输入引脚上，单片机可以将模拟信号转换为数字信号进行处理。
    因此，在程序设计中，我们可以根据ADC转换后的数字信号值来判断摇杆的具体位置，进而实现相应的功能。

接线方式
摇杆 —– pico

  1. GND —– GND
  2. 5v —– GP10
  3. VRX —– GP26
  4. VRY —– GP27
  5. SW —– GP28

注：5v接在GP10上，是因为直接接单片机VBUS（5v），摇杆adc读出来的值不对，你们可以试一下，我也不知道为什么，我测试过3.3v供电，数据才符合，而板子上3.3v用了一个了，这里用gpio输出高电平，也就是3.3v了
但是要先这样声明一下，gpio才会输出高电平

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handle = Pin(10,Pin.OUT) #handle只是变量名，可以根据设备名称更改
handle.value(1) #设置引脚为GP10，输出模式，输出高电平

adc读取摇杆的值

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from machine import Pin,ADC  #导入PIN，ADC库
from time import sleep

handle = Pin(10,Pin.OUT) 
handle.value(1) #设置引脚为GP10，输出模式，输出高电平
 
x = ADC(Pin(26,Pin.OUT))   #分配引脚
y = ADC(Pin(27,Pin.OUT))
z = Pin(28,Pin.IN,Pin.PULL_UP)
while True:
    x_value = x.read_u16()
    y_value = y.read_u16()
    z_value = z.value()
    
    print("X = {0:d} \t\t   Y = {1:d}\t\t".format(x_value,y_value),end=f"z:{z_value}")
    print()
    sleep(1)

判断摇杆的方向

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from machine import ADC,Pin
from time import sleep
 
handle = Pin(10,Pin.OUT) 
handle.value(1) #设置引脚为GP10，输出模式，输出高电平

X = ADC(Pin(26,Pin.OUT))
Y = ADC(Pin(27,Pin.OUT))
Z = Pin(28,Pin.IN,Pin.PULL_UP)
while True:
    X_value = X.read_u16()
    Y_value = Y.read_u16()
    Z_value = Z.value()
    
    if X_value <= 600:
        print("X: "+"  Left  ",end="  ")
    elif X_value >=60000:
        print("X: "+"  Right  ",end="  ")
    elif 600<X_value<60000:
        print("X: "+"  Middle  ",end="  ")
        
    if Y_value <= 600:
        print("Y: "+"  Up  ",end="  ")
    elif Y_value >= 60000:
        print("Y: "+"  Down  ",end="  ")
    elif 600<Y_value<60000:
        print("Y: "+"  Middle  ",end="  ")
        
    if Z_value == 0:
        print("Z: "+"  low  ",end="  ")
    else:
        print("Z: "+"  high  ",end="  ")  
    print()
    sleep(1)

六.蜂鸣器

理论基础请看下面的视频11-1节


接线方式
蜂鸣器 —– pico

  1. “-” —– GND
  2. “+” —– GP20

演奏音乐示例代码
若只简单应用，只需修改歌曲内容

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import machine
import urandom
import utime
# 初始化蜂鸣器对象，设置引脚为20号引脚，输出模式
buzzer = machine.PWM(machine.Pin(20, machine.Pin.OUT))

#各音调对应频率
tones = {
    "B0": 31,   
    "C1": 33, "CS1": 35, "D1": 37, "DS1": 39,  "E1": 41, "F1": 44,
    "FS1": 46, "G1": 49, "GS1": 52, "A1": 55, "AS1": 58, "B1": 62,  
    "C2": 65, "CS2": 69, "D2": 73, "DS2": 78, "E2": 82, "F2": 87,
    "FS2": 93, "G2": 98, "GS2": 104, "A2": 110, "AS2": 117, "B2": 123, 
    "C3": 131, "CS3": 139, "D3": 147, "DS3": 156, "E3": 165, "F3": 175,
    "FS3": 185, "G3": 196, "GS3": 208, "A3": 220,  "AS3": 233, "B3": 247,
    "C4": 262, "CS4": 277, "D4": 294, "DS4": 311, "E4": 330, "F4": 349,
    "FS4": 370, "G4": 392, "GS4": 415, "A4": 440, "AS4": 466, "B4": 494,
    "C5": 523, "CS5": 554, "D5": 587, "DS5": 622, "E5": 659, "F5": 698,
    "FS5": 740, "G5": 784, "GS5": 831, "A5": 880, "AS5": 932, "B5": 988,
    "C6": 1047, "CS6": 1109, "D6": 1175, "DS6": 1245, "E6": 1319, "F6": 1397,
    "FS6": 1480, "G6": 1568, "GS6": 1661, "A6": 1760, "AS6": 1865, "B6": 1976,
    "C7": 2093, "CS7": 2217, "D7": 2349, "DS7": 2489, "E7": 2637, "F7": 2794,
    "FS7": 2960, "G7": 3136, "GS7": 3322, "A7": 3520, "AS7": 3729, "B7": 3951,
    "C8": 4186, "CS8": 4435, "D8": 4699, "DS8": 4978
}

def playtone(frequency):  # 播放特定频率的音调
    buzzer.duty_u16(1000)  # 设置脉宽调制的占空比
    buzzer.freq(frequency)  # 设置频率

def bequiet():   # 停止播放
    buzzer.duty_u16(0)
    
def playsong(mysong):   # 播放音乐
    for s in mysong:
        if (s == "P"):  # 如果是“P”，表示休止符
            bequiet()   # 停止播放
        else:
            playtone(tones[s])  # 播放对应频率的音调
        utime.sleep(0.25)  # 播放间隔

#我还想她——林俊杰（#根据音谱修改，创作歌曲吧）
song = [
    "B5","B5","A5","A5","A5","D6","C6","B5","B5","A5","A5","A5","D6","C6",
    "B5","B5","C6","C6","D6","E6","E6","E6","E6","E6","E6","E6","E6",
    "B5","B5","C6","C6","C6","E6","D6","B5","B5","C6","C6","C6","E6","D6",
    "B5","B5","C6","D6",
    "C6","C6","C6","C6","C6","C6","C6","C6","C6","D6","E6","F6","E6","E6","D6","D6","D6",
    "G6","F6","E6","E6","D6","E6","E6","F6","F6",
    "G6","E6","E6","G6","G6","A6","C6","C6","C6","C6","C6","C6",
    "B5","C6","C6","D6","D6","D6","E6","D6","C6","C6","C6","B5","B5","D6","D6",
    "C6","C6","C6","C6","C6","C6","C6","C6","E6","F6","F6","F6","E6","G6",
    "G6","G6","E6","F6","F6","F6","E6","G6","G6","G6","C6","D6","D6","D6","C6","E6",
    "E6","E6","C6","D6","D6","D6","C6","E6","E6","E6","C6","D6","D6","C6","A5",
    "A5","A5","A6","A6","A6","A6","G6","G6","G6","C6","D6","D6","E6","E6",
    "F6","F6","A5","E6","E6","E6","C6","D6","D6","D6","E6","F6","F6","F6","E6","G6",
    "G6","G6","E6","F6","F6","F6","E6","A6","G6","G6","E6","F6","F6","E6","E6",
    "D6","D6","D6","B6","B6","A6","E6","E6","E6","E6","C6",
    "A5","A5","A6","A6","A6","A6","G6","G6","G6","G6","C6","D6","D6","E6","E6","F6",
    "F6","F6","F6","F6","C6","C6","C6","A5","E6","E6","E6","B5","D6","C6","C6","C6","C6",    
    "E6","A6","G6","G6","E6","A6","G6","G6","E6","A6","G6"
]
playsong(song)  # 播放音乐
bequiet()  # 停止播放

七.PWM

  1. 呼吸灯

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    import time
    from machine import Pin, PWM

    pwm = PWM(Pin(25)) #把板载led灯的GPIO配置为PWM模式（可以更改为其他引脚，将自己的led灯接在设置的引脚上）
    pwm.freq(10000)   # 设置PWM频率为10kHz
    duty = 0    # 初始化PWM值和方向
    direction = 1

    while True:
        # 根据方向增减值
        duty += direction
        # 如果值大于65535，则将值设置为最大值，并改变方向为递减
        if duty > 65535:
            duty = 65535
            direction = -1
        # 如果值小于0，则将值设置为0，并改变方向为递增
        elif duty < 0:
            duty = 0
            direction = 1
        # 设置PWM的值
        pwm.duty_u16(duty)

  2. PWM舵机
    接线方式：舵机——pico
    红色线 3.3v
    棕色线 GND
    橙色线 GP5

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import time
from machine import Pin, PWM

pwm = PWM(Pin(5))
pwm.freq(10000)   # 设置PWM频率为10kHz
duty = 0    # 初始化值和方向
direction = 1

while True:
    # 根据方向增减值
    duty += direction
    # 如果值大于65535，则将值设置为最大值，并改变方向为递减
    if duty > 65535:
        duty = 65535
        direction = -1
    # 如果值小于0，则将值设置为0，并改变方向为递增
    elif duty < 0:
        duty = 0
        direction = 1
    # 设置PWM的值
    pwm.duty_u16(duty)

八.中断

接线方式：
led灯长脚接GP11 ，短脚接GND
摇杆按键SW接GP12，5v接3.3v，GND接GND

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import machine
import utime

led = machine.Pin(11, machine.Pin.OUT)
led.value(0)
button = machine.Pin(12, machine.Pin.IN, machine.Pin.PULL_UP)
 
#中断函数 
def int_handler(pin):
    button.irq(handler=None)  #暂时禁用中断处理函数，防止重复触发
    print("Interrupt Detected!")
    led.value(1)
    utime.sleep(2)
    button.irq(handler=int_handler)#恢复中断处理函数，以便下一次中断触发时继续执行处理函数
 
button.irq(trigger=machine.Pin.IRQ_RISING, handler=int_handler) #handler后接入中断函数
#trigger 配置可以触发中断的事件。可能的值是：
#Pin.IRQ_FALLING 下降沿中断
#Pin.IRQ_RISING 上升沿中断
#Pin.IRQ_RISING_FALLING 上升沿或下降沿中断
#Pin.IRQ_LOW_LEVEL 低电平中断
#Pin.IRQ_HIGH_LEVEL 高电平中断

while True:
     led.toggle()
     utime.sleep(2)

九.定时器

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from machine import Pin, Timer
import utime
led_pin = Pin(25, Pin.OUT)

# 定义定时器回调函数，用于切换LED状态
def toggle_led(timer):
    led_pin.toggle()

# 创建定时器对象
timer = Timer()
# 初始化定时器，设置频率为5Hz（每秒5次），模式为周期性触发，并指定回调函数
timer.init(freq=5, mode=Timer.PERIODIC, callback=toggle_led)

while True:
    pass  #跳过，什么也不做

十.串口通信

先从以下链接中下载串口软件
链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1VXN6w_Nuc2TFNZ1zu3zozA?pwd=8t1v
接线方式： 串口模块 —— pico
5v——VBUS
GND——GND
TX——GP1（通信双方都是TX和RX交叉连接哦）
RX——GP0

打开串口软件，选择对应串口和波特率，点击开启串口的选项。
在下面输入框按照通信协议输入，点击发送，即可完成电脑向单片机通信。

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from machine import Pin, UART
import time

# 初始化串口，设置波特率和引脚
uart = UART(0, baudrate=115200, tx=Pin(0), rx=Pin(1))
led = machine.Pin(25, machine.Pin.OUT)  

uart.write("UART TEST\r\n")  # 单片机通过串口向电脑发送测试信息
# 在电脑串口工具输入1则打开LED,0关闭LED

while True:
    if uart.any() != False:  # 如果串口接收到正常数据
        buf = uart.read(1)  # 读取一个字节的数据（参数代表读取字节个数）
        if buf == b'1':   #b 表示字节串的前缀
            led.on() 
            uart.write("LED ON \r\n")  # 发送串口信息，表示LED已打开 \r\n" 表示回车符和换行符
        elif buf == b'0':
            led.off()  
            uart.write("LED OFF \r\n")  # 发送串口信息，表示LED已关闭

十一.PIO

介绍一个PIO点灯的程序，效率比普通的点灯程序高很多，通过使用单片机上硬件资源，减轻单片机CPU的负荷。
除此之外，PIO可以模拟IIC或VGA等很多单片机上可能没有的通信协议端口，给了开发者非常高的开发自由度，请根据PICO数据手册自行学习

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from rp2 import PIO, StateMachine, asm_pio
from machine import Pin
import time

@asm_pio(set_init=PIO.OUT_LOW)#@为描述符，它告诉MicroPython将代码视为PIO程序
def led_quarter_brightness():
 set(pins, 0) [31]#一条指令占一个周期，[a]表示延时a个周期
 set(pins, 1)
sm1 = StateMachine(1, led_quarter_brightness, freq=10000, set_base=Pin(25))#配置状态机

while(True): 
 sm1.active(1)#启动状态机
 time.sleep(1)
 sm1.active(0)#关闭状态机

十二.自学教程推荐

https://blog.csdn.net/slofslb/category_11328828.html?spm=1001.2014.3001.5482